What Is Your Philosophy of History?

Before you answer, you may want to ask, “What do you mean by philosophy of history?”

You may find you are like the man who one day realized that he had been speaking prose all his life. You do have a philosophy of history regardless of whether or not you can state it. Let me start by asking several questions that will show your outlook on history and life.

Do you believe that this world and human life had a beginning? What do you believe about that beginning? God did it. It all happened purely by chance and natural forces. Or it had no beginning.

Do you believe the world and human history will have an end? At a final judgment preceding an eternal existence? Or the heat death of the universe?

Do you believe human history has a meaning and purpose? Is God in charge of the overall direction of human history? Is it a purely natural evolutionary process without any meaning or purpose? Is the past irrelevant? Or do past events have significance in helping us understand the present and prepare for the future?

What does God have to do with the world and humans? Has and can God supernaturally intervene in human history? Is God separate from the world?  Or is the world and all in itself God?  Can the world be explained without God?

What are human beings? Merely matter in motion? Advanced animals? Persons made in the image of God? Do humans have eternal spirits? Can we make free choices? Or are our actions as determined and programmed by our heredity and environment? Are people inherently good and perfectible? Or are we sinners?  Is death the end of our existence? Or is there life after death?

As a Bible-believing Christians, we believe God created the world and life. We believe the world will come to a close when Jesus returns and after judgment we will spend eternity either in heaven or hell. We believe human history has meaning as God’s plan of redeeming men and women. God can and has intervened in human affairs. We are made in God’s image as free agents, but as sinners we need his redeeming grace.

This philosophy of history helps us interpret events we deal with every day in life. Especially when tragic events disrupt our lives, our outlook on history guides how we deal with these events. We need to look at the big picture in order to deal with an unpleasant present.

Proud Rome eventually fell. In AD 410, Alaric and the barbarians defeated and sacked Rome. Many Christians felt God had forsaken them and questioned his care for them. The pagan Romans said Rome fell because it has become Christian.

Augustine, a former pagan converted to Christ, wrote the City of God to help Christians deal with the fall of Rome. He showed that civilization after civilization had fallen without becoming Christian. The heart of his book described two kingdoms: the city of God and the city of earth. The city of God consists of those who love God and love others. Those who live only for self make up the city of earth. Regardless of what happens in this life, those in the city of God have an eternal relationship and home with God.

In the early years of the church, membership consisted of Jews converted to Christ. Still they had roots and emotional ties to Judaism, Jerusalem and the temple. I believe to an extent the book of Hebrews was to prepare them for the approaching destruction of the temple and Jerusalem by Romans in AD 70. The writer wants the Hebrews to see that Christianity is superior to Judaism. He wanted them to put events in perspective and see the big picture. Regardless of what happens, don’t quit. Be faithful to Christ. You are a part of the eternal city of God. “Therefore, let us be grateful for receiving a kingdom that cannot be shaken, and thus let us offer to God acceptable worship, with reverence and awe” (Hebrews 12:28, ESV).

Commentators on current events who know little history are “ulcer historians.” They wake up in a new world every day. Everything that happens is a world-shaking crisis. Instead of “the sky is falling” mentality of these people, those who have a mature view of history’s big picture are able to put current happenings into perspective.

Even when crises intrude upon our lives, we need to continue to faithfully trust in God. The election of a president, the loss of a loved one or a job, the diagnosis of a serious health condition are significant events, but we must always interpret and deal with them in the light of the big picture of our Christian view of history. Our most important citizenship is being in the city of God, not the city of earth.

A Missionary Doctor Recalls His Childhood in Tibet

Whoever thinks living for God is dull, undemanding, and undramatic should read this venture of faith. In A Tibetan Childhood Dr. Garland Bare tells inspiring stories of his first eleven years growing up in Tibet. Learn how his family faced the challenges of a primitive culture and the opposition of robbers in the mountains and communists from China with overcoming love and faith.

Dr. Bare states, “As the last survivor of the Tibetan Bares, I can look back on a life of incredible blessings.” He documents for his grandchildren and great-grandchildren the faith and faithfulness of his parents and his family’s experiences with God.  ”I want them to know of the courage and love shown by my parents in the face of danger.” However, anyone who reads this book will see genuine Christianity in action and the reality of God working in the lives of his people.

In 1937, the communist soldiers of Mao Tse-tung marched over the Tibetan mountains on their way to China with orders to execute any missionaries in their way. The soldiers who came into their valley had only cloth shoes and no gloves. They encountered an early blizzard and some lost their lives and other had severely frozen hands and feet. Amazingly, Dr. Norton Bare, Garland’s father, spent the winter treating the soldiers who had come to kill him.

Lois Bare, Garland’s mother, faced the rigors of a primitive culture with extraordinary strength. Once on a trip, accompanied with two of their children, bandits demanded “protection money.” She asked her children to pray that God would put courage in their hearts and fear in the hearts of the bandits. Not intimidated by their threats, she told the bandits she would not give them protection money because she had the greater protection of her God. The bandits left.

Garland Bare, now 82, became a missionary doctor serving some of his 43-year career as a M. D. on the mission field in Thailand. He lives with his wife, Dorothy, in Joplin, Missouri. A Tibetan Childhood: No Shangri-La, published in 2012, is available from Dr. Garland Bare, 141 Friendship Circle, Joplin, MO 64801 or baregardor@yahoo.com.

A Tribute to Barnes Jewish Hospital’s Lung Transplant Program

St.Louis photo

As I approach June 15, 2012, the eighth year anniversary of my double lung transplant, I want to express my appreciation to the staff at the Lung Transplant Program at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, MO.

For years in the 1990s, I had a non-productive cough. The local pulmonologist sent me to get a chest X-ray which came back with a diagnosis of COPD. He believed I had pulmonary fibrosis and did not agree with the COPD diagnosis. He asked me to go to St. Louis or Denver to get a high resolution CT scan. On Valentine’s Day in 2000, I had a CT scan of my lungs at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, MO. The radiologist reported that I had pulmonary fibrosis.

I went that summer to the National Jewish Research Center in Denver for a second opinion that included testing and a biopsy. Their diagnosis was idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. They treated my disease. My Denver doctor wanted me to get on the list for a lung transplant and agreed that Barnes Hospital in St. Louis would be a good choice.

After four days of testing in December, 2000 at Barnes, Dr. Trulock told me that I was accepted into the program and would be put on a waiting list for a lung transplant. I continued my treatment in Denver and went yearly to Barnes following their instructions for preparation for a transplant. They gave me directions for the various requirements to be eligible to receive a transplant–immunizations, dental health, weight reduction, pulmonary rebab, transportation to the hospital within two hours of being called, etc.

In 2003 when my decline in lung function leveled off, they told me to go on the inactive list until I was closer to needing a transplant. That fall my declining numbers led my doctors to have me return to the active list. In the spring of 2004, my wife and I started preparing in earnest for moving to St. Louis for the transplant. The staff of the Barnes Lung Transplant Program helped us prepare for transplant–assisting in giving us suggestions for housing, pre-transplant education, post-transplant education, where to go and what to do when you receive the call to come for the transplant, etc.  Their preparation was thorough and professional.

In April 2004, My president and dean allowed me to leave my college classroom three weeks early, and we moved to a furnished apartment in St. Louis near Barnes Hospital. On June 15, 2004 Dr. Myers performed my double lung transplant. Dr. Trulock, head of the medical transplant team, Dr. Hashem, and others have given me excellent care both before and after my transplant. Barnes provides pre-transplant and post-transplant coordinators, including Jan, Stacie, Tracey, Laura, Carol, who can be reached twenty-four hours a day when needed. Being highly knowledgeable, they are helpful in assisting one in dealing with any problem that arises. Tiffany and others who answer the phone when I call the Transplant office help in any way they can.

During the first year after my transplant I faced many problems, ten times making the 300-mile trip to Barnes from my home near Joplin, MO. I had mild rejection two times, but medication took care of it. In spite of some limitations, I have been grateful for this extension of my life. I retired from the college classroom in 2006 to spend more time with my family and do some writing.

In the last few months, I have had some challenges. In December 2011, my breathing function declined significantly and was diagnosed as chronic rejection of my lungs–a scarring of the small airways in the lungs. I received four days of infusion treatment at Barnes and returned home. In March 2012, I was coughing and ill. A swab test indicated I had RSV–a respiratory virus that is extremely serious for immunosuppressed persons. Again I had four days of treatment in the hospital for this virus. This year has been an uphill battle.

I am deeply grateful to the staff at Barnes Jewish Hospital for my lifesaving transplant. They know what they are doing in dealing with transplant patients. They care for you as a person, not just as a patient to be treated. A week after my March hospitalization at Barnes, I got a call from a nurse asking how I was doing, if I had any questions, and if they could do anything for me. Later I got a card signed by workers on the floor of my hospital room wishing me well. The staff has been as interested in keeping me as well as possible after transplant as they were before transplant.

I write this to say thank you to each person at Barnes who has served me in any way these past twelve years. I give tribute for a job well done. It would be impossible to assess the significance of your work of saving and extending lives. Keep up the good work.

 

 

 

Celebrating Our Anniversary at Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art

We generally do not celebrate our wedding anniversary on the actual day–February 24, because it usually falls during the Preaching-Teaching Convention at Ozark Christian College. However, this year February 24 fell outside the convention dates. We celebrated our 51st anniversary at Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.

We drove seventy miles to Bentonville, Arkansas and had an early lunch at Atlanta Bread. We spent four hours enjoying the wonderful art collection at Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville.

The museum, founded in 2005 by youngest daughter of Sam Walton, Alice Walton, opened in November, 2011. The unique design by Israeli architect Moshe Safdie features a series of pavilions built around two creek-fed ponds, surrounded by 120 acres of forests and gardens with walking trails. We were impressed by the arched wooden beams in the pavilions.

Experts rate this museum as among the nation’s elite art museums. Walton, a billionare, spared no expense in assembling an outstanding collection. She paid a reported $35 million for Asher Durand’s “Kindred Sprits,” showing two men on a ledge in the Catskill Mountains. This painting shows amazing detail and impressive perspective. A reported $20 million acquired Thomas Eakins portrait of a medical professor. More than 400 works are on display, with 800 more in storage.

The permanent collection, “Celebrating the American Spirit,” features masterworks from the Colonial period through twentieth century contemporary art. Prominent in the Revolutionary War period are Gilbert Stuart’s portrait of George Washington (1796) (the one on a $1 bill) and Charles Wilson Peale’s of Washington (1779). As you move through the galleries you encounter early settlers, American Indians, Civil War paintings, landscape paintings, Rockwell’s “Rosie the Riveter” from World War II, paintings from the civil-rights era and twentieth century contemporary art.

We enjoyed James Henry Beard’s painting, entitled “It Is Very Queer, Isn’t It?” (1885). A chimp is pondering a human skull and an ape skull and holding a booklet titled Darwin’s Descent of Man. The artist seems to be questioning the validity of Darwin’s theory of evolution.

The museum will also feature special changing exhibits. Currently (November 11, 2011–May 5, 2012) “Wonder World” presents nature and perception in contemporary art. A painting of a clock repairman in his shop was my favorite here. Two items that caught my wife’s eye were an ear with an ear horn (inspired by Beethoven’s ear horn) and a figure with many antique toys attached to it. Very unusual was a picture of the Last Supper make up of 20,700 spools of thread. The upside-down picture turned right side up when you looked through a glass ball.

Due to a twenty million dollar grant from Walmart, the museum charges no admission fee. A restaurant is on site. We spent four delightful hours in the museum and did not get to all of the galleries. We plan on a return visit. For more information about the museum check out their website–www.CrystalBridges.org.

Remembering John Ransom (1939-2006)

Two weeks ago, John and Lorelei’s granddaughter, Kaylee, was brushing her teeth, when out of the blue she turned and said to her grandmother, ”Mommy was telling me how when Grandpa was very sick and he was just skin and bone, he talked to a group at church (Thanksgiving Service). He told them, ’My body is very sick, but I am fine,’” Then, Kaylee added, “Know why he said that–because he is in Heaven.”

Lorelei emailed, “I fought back the tears.  As we approach yet another anniversary of God calling John home, it was such a blessing to know that his legacy of faith was being shared!!!”

John Ransom was a close friend of mine. He died of pancreatic cancer six years ago, February 25, 2006. The other day I was thinking I wish I could visit with him about something. In remembrance of John and his life, I shared the following comments at John’s memorial service.

I first met John at the bus station in Joplin, Missouri, August, 1957. I had ridden a bus from Indiana to Joplin to come to Ozark Bible College. John came with someone else to pick me up and take me to the college. We were both beginning our freshman year.

In some ways we were quite different. He was from the city; I was from rural Indiana. We had to learn each other language.  He said, “Soda.” And I said, “Pop.” He found it hilarious that I called a pot-luck dinner, a “pitch-in.” But we managed to communicate. He helped me learn some of the finer points of etiquette. John was an excellent musician with a broad appreciation of all kinds of music. My expertise in music is limited to playing classical music on the radio and CD player.

 

We had a lot in common too. We both were serious students. We were interested in learning the Bible and serving the Lord by preaching and teaching His Word. Continue reading

Is Your Heart a Highway to God?

“Blessed are those whose strength is in you,

in whose heart are the highways to Zion.

They go from strength to strength;

each one appears before God in Zion.”

Psalm 84:5, 7 (ESV)

            How dependent we are on roads so we can go places we need to go. Highways facilitate our travel to our destination. Our hearts are highways that encourage others to follow us on our journey to the destination we pursue. Is your heart a highway to God? Does it encourage and direct people to God or does it point to some other destination?

 

What do the signposts associated with your heart say? What signals do people receive from you? Does your general approach to life and its challenges reflect the joy of the Lord or a sour grumpiness?

 

One of the first things we notice about people is their passion in life. When people spend a few hours with you will they see a passion for God and life in his will? Some have a dominant passion for sports, entertainment, or one’s work. For others it is family and friends.

 

Is your most dominant passion in life for God or for self? If your greatest interest and desire in life to honor God or is it to bring honor and pleasure for self? We must not let temporary and transient interests sidetrack us from our passion for God. Let your enthusiasm for God be infectious leading others to follow your highway to God.

 

Are you investing in temporary securities or in eternal investments? When people observe how you use your time, money, abilities, what do they conclude about the direction and destination of the highway of your heart?

 

Where are you going with your life? Does your spirit point people to or away from God? What is most important to me–self, money, sex, pleasure, power of some other false god. What your heart worships is your god.

 

Not long before my friend, Jim Taylor, moved from a preaching ministry in a western state, a couple of middle-aged people living together unmarried commented to Jim’s wife. They said, “We decided to become Christians after watching how your husband lived his life.” Being around Jim and watching his life convicted them that they were not living the way they should and they determined to get married. His heart was a highway to God.

 

Take an inventory of your heart. Is it a highway directing others to God?

 

John Adams’ Thoughts on Government, Religion, and Freedom

 “And liberty cannot be preserved without general knowledge among the people who have a right from the frame of their nature to knowledge, as their great Creator who does nothing in vain has given them understandings and a desire to know.” ((The numbers document the page for the quote in John Adams by David McCullough, 2001. 60)

“Statesmen, my dear Sir, plan and speculate for Liberty but it is Religion and Morality alone, which can establish the Principles upon which Freedom securely stand.” (Letter to Zabdiel Adams, June 21, 1776)

“We have no government armed with power capable of contending with human passions unbridled by morality and religion. Avarice, ambition, revenge, or gallantry, would break the strongest cords of our Constitution as a whale goes through a net. Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other.”  (Message to Massachusetts’ military officers, October 11, 1798)

“Religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind.”  (Article III of the Northwest Ordinance)

“The preservation of liberty depends upon the intellectual and moral character of the people. As long as knowledge and virtue are diffused generally among the body of a nation, it is impossible they should be enslaved. . . .”

“There is danger from all men. The only maxim of a free government ought to be to trust no man living with power to endanger the public liberty.”  (70)

“. . . that form of government with virtue as its foundation was more likely than any other to promote the general happiness.” (102)

In his Thoughts on Government, he called for a “government of laws, and not of men.”

Advocating the principle of separation and balance of powers, he wrote in A Constitution or Form of Government for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, “. . . the legislative, executive and judicial power shall be placed in separate departments, to the end that it might be a government of laws, and not of men.” (223)

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Apologetics Books Published Since 2009

Prepared by H. Lynn Gardner, November 2011

 

Baker, Hunter. The End of Secularism. Wheaton: Crossway, 2009. $17.99.

 

Beilby, James. Thinking About Christian Apologetics: What It Is and Why We Do It.

Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011. $17.00.

 

Berlinski, David. The Devil’s Delusion: Atheism and its Scientific Pretentions, reprint edition.  Basic Books, 2009. $16l.95.

 

Blomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of John’s Gospel: Issues & Commentary.

Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011. Paperback ed., $24.00.

 

Copan, Paul. Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists and Other Objectors. Nashville: B & H Academic, 2009. $19.99.

 

Copan, Paul. Is God a Moral Monster? Making Sense of the Old Testament God. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2011. $14.99.

 

Copan, Paul. Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion. Routledge, 2012. $55.42.

 

Copan, Paul. True for You, But Not for Me: Overcoming Objections to Christian Faith,  rev. ed.  Bethany House, 2009. $14.99.

 

Copan, Paul and William Lane Craig, eds. Come Let Us Reason: New Essays in Christian Apologetics.  Nashville: B & H Academic, (April) 2012. $24.99.

 

Coppenger, Mark. Moral Apologetics for Contemporary Christians: Pushing Back Against Cultural and Religious Critics. Nashville: B & H Academic, 2011.  $24.99

 

Cowan, Steve and James Spiegel. The Love of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy: A Christian Introduction to Philosophy. Nashville: B & H Academic, 2009.

 

Craig, William Lane. On Guard: Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision. Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 2010. $16.99.

 

Craig, William Lane and Chad Meister, eds. God Is Great, God Is Good: Why Believing in God Is Reasonable and Responsible. Downers Grove: IVP Books, 2009. $19.00.

 

Craig, William Lane and J. P. Moreland, eds. A Companion to Natural Theology. Blackwell, 2011. $44.95.

 

Demski, William A. The End of Christianity: Finding a Good God in an Evil World. B & H. Academic, 2009. $22.99.

 

Demski, William and Thomas Schirrmacher, Paige Patterson, eds. Tough-Minded Christianity: Honoring the Legacy of John Warwick Montgomery. Nashville: B & H Publishing, 20009. $31.99.

 

DeWeese, Garrett J. Doing Philosophy as a Christian.  Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011. $22.00.

 

Downey, Patrick. Desperately  Wicked: Philosophy, Christianity and the Human Heart.

Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2009.  $18.00.

 

Edgar, William and K. Scott Oliphint, eds. Christian Apologetics: Past and Present: A Primary Source Reader (Volume 1, To 1500). Wheaton: Crossway, 2009. $39.00.

 

Edgar, William and K. Scott Oliphint, eds. Christian Apologetics: Past and Present: A Primary Source Reader (Volume 2 From 1500). Wheaton: Crossway, 2011. $55.00.

 

Gardner, H. Lynn. Commending and Defending Christian Faith: An Introduction to Christian Apologetics. Joplin: College Press, 2010. $33.00.

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Seventh Anniversary of My Double Lung Transplant

June 15, 2011 was my seventh year anniversary of my double lung transplant received at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis. I credit my generally good health to the following:

 

  1. My relationship with God and his healing and sustaining hand.
  2. My wife, family, and friends for their prayers and support.
  3. Excellent medical care from those at Barnes Jewish and in Joplin.
  4. Faithfulness in taking my prescribed medications and in regular exercise in pulmonary rehab.
  5. Keeping active in writing and teaching opportunities and in family and church activities.

 

For those considering having a transplant I can testify my transplant has been a great blessing to me. It is a very serious and important decision. I resisted the idea at first but I am glad I decided to receive a transplant. I am grateful for these extra seven years especially with my family and additional opportunities to serve others.

 

I had Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. This disease progressively scars the lungs rendering the person unable to breathe. At present there is no known cause and no cure. Annually 40,000 die of this disease—the same number as die of breast cancer. I am so blessed to have received a transplant and no longer have the disease.

 

September 18-25, 2011 was National Pulmonary Awareness Week. The Coalition for Pulmonary Fibrosis provides education and promotes research on this disease. The Pulmonary Fibrosis Research Enhancement Act (H.R. 2505 and S. 1350) has been introduced in congress to increase funding for a national patient registry and for additional education and research on this deadly disease. If this bill would be enacted it would accelerate efforts in finding an effective treatment for pulmonary fibrosis.

Baseball Lingo

 

I played baseball as a youth and have been a baseball fan all my life. Now that I am retired I watch Cardinal baseball games for relaxation. My wife frequently indulges me and watches with me. She knows a lot of the terms but unfamiliar ones come up periodically.

 

A person uninitiated to baseball may think that baseball people use a foreign language or at least use words with strange meanings. These definitions can help one understand the meaning of these baseball terms.

 

Pitchers and Pitches:

 

Ace—the best starting pitcher on a team.

Ball—a pitch thrown outside the strike zone.

Breaking ball—a pitch that does not go in a straight line but jumps, drops or moves to the left or right.

Backdoor slider—a pitch that appears to be out of the strike zone, but then breaks back over the plate.

Beanball—a pitch thrown at the batter’s head.

Brushback pitch—a pitch that nearly hits the batter.

Cheese or Good cheese—a good fastball.

Chin music—a pitch high and inside on the batter.

Closer—a team’s relief pitcher who closes the game when the team is leading by three runs or less.

Complete game—a pitcher is credited with a complete game when he pitches the entire game.

Curve—a pitch that moves down, across, or down and across, depending on the rotation of the ball.

Cutter—a cut fastball with a late break.

Fastball—a pitch thrown as hard as possible.

Fireman—a team’s closer or late inning relief pitcher.

Forkball—a pitch thrown with the ball placed between the first two fingers, usually results in a sinking movement.

Gopher ball—a pitch hit for a home run.

Heat or Heater—a good fastball.

High and tight—a pitch that is up in the strike zone and inside on the hitter.

Hold—a relief pitcher is awarded a hold who comes into a game in a save situation, records at least one out, and exits the game without allowing his team to give up the lead at any point.

Knuckleball—a pitch that is grasped with the fingernails or knuckles and thrown without a spin. It moves in an unpredictable manner.

Left-handed specialist—a left handed relief pitcher who is brought in to pitch to a left handed batter.

Meatball—a pitch that is easy to hit, usually in the center of the strike zone.

No hitter—when a pitcher pitches a complete game without allowing the opposing team reach first base with a safe base hit.

Painting the black—a pitch thrown over the edge of the plate.

Perfect game—a game in which the pitcher does not allow any batter of the

opposing team to reach base.

Picasso—a control pitcher who can paint the black (hit the edges of the plate).

Pitching rotation—the order in which starting pitchers pitch, usually with three or four days rest.

Pitchout—a pitch that is thrown wide of the strike zone in order for the catcher to be better able to throw a runner trying to steal a base.

Punchout—a strikeout.

Relief pitcher—a pitcher brought into the game to replace the starting pitcher or another relief pitcher who is not effective in getting batters out.

Right down Broadway—a pitch delivered in the center of the strike zone.

Save—a relief pitcher is credited with a save when he enters the game with his team leading by three runs or less and preserves the victory or if he pitches at

least three innings without allowing the opposing team to tie the score or win the game.

Set-up man—a relief pitcher who comes into the game in the 7th or 8th inning.

Sinker—a fast pitch that breaks downward.

Southpaw—a left handed pitcher.

Spitball—an illegal pitch with a foreign substance (saliva or grease) placed on the ball to cause the ball to make a greater break.

Starter—the pitcher who starts the game and continues until the game is over or he is replaced by a relief pitcher.

Strike—a pitch thrown in the strike zone. The first two foul balls not caught count as the first and second strike.          

Uncle Charlie—a curve ball.

Whiff—a strikeout.

Whitewash—when a team is shutout, kept from scoring any runs.

Wild pitch—a pitch so far from the strike zone that the catcher cannot catch or block it allowing a runner to advance to the next base.

Yakker—a curve ball.

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